The sprites now display and everything seems to work.

scratchpad/raycaster_sprites.cpp

@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 /*
-Copyright (c) 2004-2020, Lode Vandevenne
+   Copyright (c) 2004-2020, Lode Vandevenne
 
-All rights reserved.
+   All rights reserved.
 
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 
-    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
-"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
-A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
-CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+ CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
-EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+ EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
-PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+ PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
-PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+ PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+ LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
-NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
-SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-*/
+ */
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <string>
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 using namespace QuickCG;
 
 /*
-g++ *.cpp -lSDL -O3 -W -Wall -ansi -pedantic
+   g++ *.cpp -lSDL -O3 -W -Wall -ansi -pedantic
-g++ *.cpp -lSDL
+   g++ *.cpp -lSDL
-*/
+   */
 
 
 #define screenWidth 640
@@ -335,7 +335,11 @@ int main(int /*argc*/, char */*argv*/[])
     for(int i = 0; i < numSprites; i++)
     {
       spriteOrder[i] = i;
-      spriteDistance[i] = ((posX - sprite[i].x) * (posX - sprite[i].x) + (posY - sprite[i].y) * (posY - sprite[i].y)); //sqrt not taken, unneeded
+      spriteDistance[i] =
+        ((posX - sprite[i].x) *
+         (posX - sprite[i].x) +
+         (posY - sprite[i].y) *
+         (posY - sprite[i].y)); //sqrt not taken, unneeded
     }
     sortSprites(spriteOrder, spriteDistance, numSprites);
 
@@ -359,9 +363,9 @@ int main(int /*argc*/, char */*argv*/[])
       int spriteScreenX = int((w / 2) * (1 + transformX / transformY));
 
       //parameters for scaling and moving the sprites
-      #define uDiv 1
+#define uDiv 1
-      #define vDiv 1
+#define vDiv 1
-      #define vMove 0.0
+#define vMove 0.0
       int vMoveScreen = int(vMove / transformY);
 
       //calculate height of the sprite on screen

sfmlcaster.cpp

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ using namespace fmt;
 #define texHeight 64 // must be power of two
 
 
-#define numSprites 1
+#define numSprites 3
 #define numTextures 11
 
 struct Sprite {
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ struct Sprite {
   int texture;
 };
 
+//parameters for scaling and moving the sprites
+#define uDiv 1
+#define vDiv 1
+#define vMove 0.0
+
 const int RAY_VIEW_WIDTH=1280;
 const int RAY_VIEW_HEIGHT=720;
 const int RAY_VIEW_X=0;
@@ -69,8 +74,10 @@ double planeY = 0.66;
 #define rgba_color(r,g,b,a) (r<<(0*8))|(g<<(1*8))|(b<<(2*8))|(a<<(3*8))
 #define gray_color(c) rgba_color(c, c, c, 255)
 
-Sprite sprites[numSprites] = {
+Sprite SPRITE[numSprites] = {
-  {20.5, 11.5, 8}
+  {3.0, 4.5, 8},
+  {3.4, 1.95, 9},
+  {7.34, 5.5, 10}
 };
 
 double ZBuffer[RAY_VIEW_WIDTH];
@@ -186,6 +193,7 @@ void ray_casting(sf::RenderWindow &window, Matrix& map) {
   int w = RAY_VIEW_WIDTH;
   int h = RAY_VIEW_HEIGHT;
 
+  // WALL CASTING
   for(int x = 0; x < w; x++) {
     // calculate ray position and direction
     double cameraX = 2 * x / double(w) - 1; // x-coord in camera space
@@ -288,6 +296,87 @@ void ray_casting(sf::RenderWindow &window, Matrix& map) {
 
       pixels[pixcoord(x, y)] = color;
     }
+
+    // SET THE ZBUFFER FOR THE SPRITE CASTING
+    ZBuffer[x] = perpWallDist;
+
+  }
+
+  // SPRITE CASTING
+  // sort sprites from far to close
+  for(int i = 0; i < numSprites; i++) {
+    spriteOrder[i] = i;
+    // this is just the distance calculation
+    spriteDistance[i] = ((posX - SPRITE[i].x) *
+        (posX - SPRITE[i].x) +
+        (posY - SPRITE[i].y) *
+        (posY - SPRITE[i].y));
+  }
+
+  sortSprites(spriteOrder, spriteDistance, numSprites);
+
+  // after sorting the sprites, do the projection
+  for(int i = 0; i < numSprites; i++) {
+    int sprite_index = spriteOrder[i];
+    double spriteX = SPRITE[sprite_index].x - posX;
+    double spriteY = SPRITE[sprite_index].y - posY;
+    int sprite_texture_number = SPRITE[sprite_index].texture;
+    auto sprite_texture = texture[sprite_texture_number];
+
+    //transform sprite with the inverse camera matrix
+    // [ planeX   dirX ] -1                                       [ dirY      -dirX ]
+    // [               ]       =  1/(planeX*dirY-dirX*planeY) *   [                 ]
+    // [ planeY   dirY ]                                          [ -planeY  planeX ]
+
+    double invDet = 1.0 / (planeX * dirY - dirX * planeY); // required for correct matrix multiplication
+
+    double transformX = invDet * (dirY * spriteX - dirX * spriteY);
+    //this is actually the depth inside the screen, that what Z is in 3D, the distance of sprite to player, matching sqrt(spriteDistance[i])
+
+    double transformY = invDet * (-planeY * spriteX + planeX * spriteY);
+
+    int spriteScreenX = int((w / 2) * (1 + transformX / transformY));
+
+    int vMoveScreen = int(vMove / transformY);
+
+    // calculate the height of the sprite on screen
+    //using "transformY" instead of the real distance prevents fisheye
+    int spriteHeight = abs(int(h / transformY)) / vDiv;
+
+    //calculate lowest and highest pixel to fill in current stripe
+    int drawStartY = -spriteHeight / 2 + h / 2 + vMoveScreen;
+    if(drawStartY < 0) drawStartY = 0;
+    int drawEndY = spriteHeight / 2 + h / 2 + vMoveScreen;
+    if(drawEndY >= h) drawEndY = h - 1;
+
+    // calculate width the the sprite
+    // same as height of sprite, given that it's square
+    int spriteWidth = abs(int(h / transformY)) / uDiv;
+    int drawStartX = -spriteWidth / 2 + spriteScreenX;
+    if(drawStartX < 0) drawStartX = 0;
+    int drawEndX = spriteWidth / 2 + spriteScreenX;
+    if(drawEndX > w) drawEndX = w;
+
+    //loop through every vertical stripe of the sprite on screen
+    for(int stripe = drawStartX; stripe < drawEndX; stripe++) {
+      int texX = int(256 * (stripe - (-spriteWidth / 2 + spriteScreenX)) * texWidth / spriteWidth) / 256;
+      // the conditions in the if are:
+      // 1) it's in front of the camera plane so you don't see things behind you
+      // 2) ZBuffer, with perpendicular distance
+      if(transformY > 0 && transformY < ZBuffer[stripe]) {
+        for(int y = drawStartY; y < drawEndY; y++) {
+          //256 and 128 factors to avoid floats
+          int d = (y - vMoveScreen) * 256 - h * 128 + spriteHeight * 128;
+          int texY = ((d * texHeight) / spriteHeight) / 256;
+          //get current color from the texture
+          uint32_t color = sprite_texture[texWidth * texY + texX];
+          // poor person's transparency, get current color from the texture
+          if((color & 0x00FFFFFF) != 0) {
+            pixels[pixcoord(stripe, y)] = color;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -391,6 +480,11 @@ int main() {
   while(window.isOpen()) {
     draw_everything(window);
 
+    if(KB::isKeyPressed(KB::X)) {
+      println("player position: {},{}",
+          posX, posY);
+    }
+
     if(KB::isKeyPressed(KB::W)) {
         if(empty_space(int(posX + dirX * moveSpeed), int(posY))) posX += dirX * moveSpeed;
         if(empty_space(int(posX), int(posY + dirY * moveSpeed))) posY += dirY * moveSpeed;
@@ -439,5 +533,18 @@ int main() {
 
 void sortSprites(int* order, double* dist, int amount)
 {
+  std::vector<std::pair<double, int>> sprites(amount);
 
+  for(int i = 0; i < amount; i++) {
+    sprites[i].first = dist[i];
+    sprites[i].second = order[i];
+  }
+
+  std::sort(sprites.begin(), sprites.end());
+
+  // restore in reverse order
+  for(int i = 0; i < amount; i++) {
+    dist[i] = sprites[amount - i - 1].first;
+    order[i] = sprites[amount - i - 1].second;
+  }
 }